Fig. 3

Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Cardiomyocytes. a) NF-κB-dependent transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines is induced in cardiomyocytes following CpG activation of endogenous Toll-like receptor 9. Downstream effects promote an inflammatory response in cardiac tissue (created with BioRender.com). b, c) TLR9 expression was significantly upregulated following vaccination of CpG alone in flight, on the ground, and post-TT + CpG administration in flight mice only (n = 3–5, 2 < fc < 22, t-test, p-value < 0.05). d, e) NF-κB induction occurred via CpG-only administration on the ground but required combined administration of TT plus CpG in space (n = 3–5, fc > 1.5, t-test, p-value < 0.05). The flight and ground TT + CpG groups and the flight and ground CpG-only group were each normalized to their appropriate control groups