Fig. 4

The black arrow represents the QTLs detected by an MLM; the blue arrow represents a QTL colocalized with previous studies. (a) Manhattan diagram and Q‒Q diagram of the 2022 FLA GWAS. (b) Manhattan diagram and Q‒Q diagram of the 2023 FLA GWAS. (c) Manhattan diagram and Q‒Q diagram of the BLUP GWAS