Fig. 6

Lineage effects on evolutionary rates in Pariaconus psyllids. (A-C) Strong linear correlations detected among the branch lengths of amino acid based multi-gene phylogenies of the insect nuclear core genes, Carsonella, mitochondria, and Makana (Fig. 4, Pearson’s R ≥ 0.86 and p < 0.01). (D-F) Absolute rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions were compared among 3 pairs of genomes representing distinct galling patterns and number of intracellular symbionts. Species pairs are highlighted on the phylogeny and each with their maximal estimated age used to calculate dN/t and dS/t. Distributions of (E) dN/t and (F) dS/t are shown and letters indicate distinct statistical groupings based on nonparametric comparisons for each pair using the Wilcoxon Each Pair Method (p < 0.01)