Fig. 3

Colonic fermentation parameters in Gayal and yellow cattle. A Total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) were quantified in mmol/100 mmol, with individual VFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate) reported in the same units. TVFAs include acetate (A), propionate (P), butyrate (B), isobutyrate (Isob) and isovalerate (Isov). The acetate-to-propionate (A/P) ratio was calculated as a percentage. A_N for ammonia nitrogen. B Comparison of differences in colonic enzyme activities. Significance is indicated as * (P < 0.05) or ns (P ≥ 0.05)