Table 1 Sex-skewed miRNA expression in different fish species and the effects of heat treatment. MiRNAs were identified with log2 ratio>|1| of seed region expression in testis vs. ovary in at least five or more fish species, among which European sea bass. Furthermore, each miRNA was significantly differential expressed (DEM, adjusted-p value < 0.05) in our data. European sea bass DEM comparisons were: (1) male high temperature (MHT) vs. male control temperature (MCT); (2) female high temperature (FHT) vs. female control temperature (FCT); (3) MCT vs. FCT; (4) MHT vs. FHT. Negative values mean the upregulation in ovary whereas positive values mean upregulation in testes for each species. Data in the table was organized based on the MiRNA conservation in the ovaries or testes along fish evolution. The DEM column shows the comparisons (1, 2, 3, and/or 4) in which each miRNA was differentially expressed for the European sea bass data. ‘count O’ and ‘count T’ represent the number of times the miRNA was differentially expressed in the ovaries or testes, respectively, in the studied species. The miRNA name corresponds to the seed region annotation aligned with European sea bass (Dincentrarcus labrax). Abbreviations: Dla: Dicentrarchus labrax; Ola: Oryzias latipes; Aca: Amia calva; Gac: Gasterosteus aculeatus; Dre: Danio rerio; Loc: Lepisosteus oculatus; Phy: Pangasianodon hypophthalmus; Pfl: Perca fluviatilis; Ame: Ameiurus melas; Upy: Umbra pygmaea; O: ovaries; T: testes

miR-140-3p

♀

-1,72

-1,14

-1,01

1,37

-2,43

-1,16

1,19

-2,8

3 + 4

5

2

miR-429a-3p

♀

-3,05

-2,81

-3,05

-2,5

-2,86

1,15

3 + 4

5

1

miR-140-5p

♀

-2

-1,55

-1,63

-1,23

-2,27

-2,36

3 + 4

5

0

miR-191-5p

♀

-2,05

-2,07

-1,18

-1,29

-1,94

3 + 4

5

0

miR-425-5p

♀

-2,88

-2

-1,12

-1,31

-2,82

3 + 4

5

0

miR-155-5p

♀

-4,15

-3,82

-1,18

-1,59

-4,26

3 + 4

5

0

miR-223-3p

♀

-1,11

-4,16

-1,1

-1,8

-1,56

1 + 4

5

0

miR-142-3p

♀

-1,17

-1,22

-1,97

-2,99

1,86

-4,3

4

5

1

miR-34a-5p

♀

-2,52

-2,2

-1,7

1,52

2,12

-2,28

-1,59

4

4

2

miR-148a-3p

♀

-1,28

-1,45

-2,45

-2,15

1,19

-1,03

-1,45

3

5

1

miR-200b-3p

♀

-1,88

-2,51

3,6

-2,86

-2,74

-2,47

3

4

1

miR-146a-5p

♀

-1,08

-1,15

-1,65

1,29

-1,72

-2,01

-2,79

2

6

1

miR-192-5p

♀

-2,06

-1,45

-1,32

4,91

-2,99

2,38

3,71

-2,53

2

4

3

miR-200a-3p

♀

-1,48

-2,59

-3,97

3,8

-2,7

-2,27

-3,28

-3,65

6

1

miR-27a-3p

♀

-1,11

-2,72

1,34

-1,23

1,26

-1,37

-1,56

1,68

5

3

miR-7132b-5p

♀

-1,37

-1,23

-1,6

-2,26

-4,43

2,3

1,29

5

2

miR-200b-5p

♀

-3,01

-3,38

3,16

-3,7

-4,04

-3,13

-5,36

5

1

miR-1388-3p

♀

-1,4

-1,93

-2,06

-1,66

-1,51

-5,81

5

0

miR-33-5p

♀

-1,47

-1,44

-2

1,06

2,74

3,81

-1,19

-2,45

4

3

miR-223-5p

♀

-1,91

-3,59

-2,4

1,54

-7,07

3,75

-3,77

4

2

miR-193a-2-5p

♀

-1,99

-2,83

-2,16

-4,45

-5,97

4

0

miR-143-3p

♂

1,25

1,25

1,53

1,91

2,38

1 + 2 + 3 + 4

0

5

miR-129-5p

♂

2,65

1,93

2,99

2,21

1,36

4,27

7,82

1 + 3 + 4

0

7

miR-724-5p

♂

3,85

-1,98

5,4

1,83

1,1

-3,12

4,74

1 + 3 + 4

2

5

miR-499a-5p

♂

2,23

-3,3

1,29

3,96

1,95

-1,98

2,48

2,28

3,51

3 + 4

2

7

miR-135b-5p

♂

3,76

1,79

3,34

1,69

-3,76

3

5,13

4,25

3 + 4

1

7

miR-182a-5p

♂

1,84

-1,19

2,26

3,7

-3,06

3,81

2

3 + 4

2

5

miR-7-5p

♂

2,85

4,36

-3,05

1,14

1,88

3,82

3 + 4

1

5

miR-135b-3p

♂

2,76

2,02

2,14

-2,99

1,06

5,19

3 + 4

1

5

miR-132b-5p

♂

2,11

2,29

1,89

1,09

-2,39

-1,9

6,19

3

2

5

miR-2187a-5p

♂

3,44

1,59

2,32

1,94

3,61

4

0

5

miR-212a-5p

♂

2,12

3,04

-1,24

3,18

-3,36

2,81

3,39

-6,72

2

5

miR-15c-3p

♂

1,93

-2,38

1,57

2,6

2,86

2,29

-2,77

1

5