Fig. 6

Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis reveals four distinct functional clusters. The PPI network was constructed and analyzed using Gephi, where clustering algorithms and filters were applied to identify hub proteins and their interacting neighbors. The network is organized into four distinct clusters, each represented by a different color, indicating functional groupings. Node size corresponds to connectivity (degree), where larger nodes represent hub proteins with higher interaction counts, highlighting their potential regulatory importance within each cluster. This visualization reflects how hub proteins may coordinate key biological processes in their respective pathways