Fig. 5

GR-dependent transcriptional patterns overlap with groups of genes associated with (A) human phenotype- or (B) metabolism-related traits. A The heatmap on the left presents an overlap between the GR-regulated genes and human phenotype-associated gene lists. Lists of genes associated with phenotypes were extracted from the Pan-UK Biobank database (phenocodes are provided). B The right panel presents the overlap between the clusters of GR-dependent genes and gene lists associated with metabolite levels (based on Metabolon and Nightingale databases). The chi-square test was used to examine the overlap of the lists of the GR-regulated (columns) and phenotype- or metabolism-associated genes (rows). χ² values were transformed using the formula: log₂(χ² + 1) and are presented in each rectangle of the heatmap. The intensity of the red color is proportional to the level of overlap, as indicated in the legend (white, no overlap; red, high-level overlap). The statistical significance of the overlap is pinpointed using two thresholds: p_adj < 0.01 (green frames) and p_adj < 0.0001 (purple frames). Values in brackets in each box show the number of overlapping genes. The results with a minimum of three genes were included. The identified gene clusters are indicated on top column labels with the number of genes inside brackets. Cluster UP and cluster DOWN represent combined groups of DEX-induced and DEX-decreased transcripts, respectively. For each cluster, the number of genes and the observed direction of the transcriptional regulation (‘ + ’ increase, ‘ − ’ decrease) are indicated. The row description presented on the right of the heatmaps provides details on lists of human phenotypes and metabolomes from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The gene lists presented on the heatmaps are organized according to hierarchical clustering, indicated by both row and column dendrograms. To reduce redundancy, for cases where the overlap contained the same genes for more than one phenotype, only the phenotype with the lowest p_adj is displayed. Full results are available in Supplementary Table 6